Ecology and the Environment · 8 question types
Past paper frequency (2018 to 2024)
This topic accounts for approximately 10% of your exam marks.
Climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss are growing in frequency as contemporary issues.
The biggest environmental challenge of the 21st century is climate change caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The Earth would be far too cold to support life without the natural greenhouse effect. Here is how it works:
The natural greenhouse effect keeps the Earth's average surface temperature at about 15 °C instead of the -18 °C it would otherwise be. Without it, the oceans would be ice and there would be no life.
The problem is not the natural greenhouse effect itself, but the enhanced version of it that humans have created by adding extra greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The most important human-emitted greenhouse gases are:
| Gas | Where it comes from | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide (CO₂) | Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas); deforestation; cement production | The single biggest contributor by volume |
| Methane (CH₄) | Cattle (and other ruminants) burping; rice paddies; landfills; leaks from natural gas pipelines | Around 25× more powerful than CO₂ per molecule but present in much smaller quantities |
| Nitrous oxide (N₂O) | Agricultural fertilisers; some industrial processes | Around 300× more powerful than CO₂ but very minor in total |
| Water vapour | The atmosphere holds more water vapour as it warms (a feedback loop) | The dominant natural greenhouse gas, but humans do not directly emit it |
| CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) | Old refrigerators, aerosol sprays | Banned by the Montreal Protocol (1987); now declining |
The result of adding all these extra greenhouse gases is that more infrared radiation is trapped in the atmosphere, and the Earth's average temperature is rising. Atmospheric CO₂ has risen from about 280 ppm in 1750 to over 420 ppm today, and global average temperature is about 1.2 °C above pre-industrial levels.
A warming planet has many cascading effects:
Reducing emissions is the only long-term solution. International agreements (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement) have set targets for emission reduction. National measures include: