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0455

Exchange Rates

International Trade & Globalisation · 4 question types

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0455 Topics

Specialisation & Free Trade13%
Globalisation & Trade Restrictions6%
Exchange Rates11%
  1. What an Exchange Rate Is
  2. Why People Buy and Sell Foreign Currencies
  3. How a Floating Exchange Rate Is Determined
  4. Causes of Exchange-Rate Fluctuations
  5. Consequences of Changes in the Exchange Rate
  6. Calculating Currency Conversions
Current Account of the Balance of Payments5%

Frequency legend

High (≥14%)
Above avg (10 to 13%)
Average (<10%)

Exam Frequency Analysis

Past paper frequency (2018 to 2024)

This topic accounts for approximately 11% of your exam marks.

increasing
Medium
Increasing11%

Exchange rate definitions, depreciation/appreciation effects on exports, imports, and inflation are increasingly examined since 2021.

A foreign exchange rate is the value of one currency stated in units of another. It tells you how many units of one currency you get for one unit of another.

A few examples of typical quotations:

  • £1 = $1.25 (one pound buys $1.25)
  • €1 = £0.86 (one euro buys 86 pence)
  • $1 = ¥150 (one US dollar buys 150 Japanese yen)

The exchange rate matters because it determines:

  • how much foreign goods cost when imported,
  • how competitive domestic goods are when exported,
  • the value of foreign holidays, investments and remittances,
  • the size of any foreign-currency debt a country owes.

Currencies are bought and sold on the foreign exchange (FX) market, where one currency is exchanged for another.

Exam tip

Defining an exchange rate or the foreign exchange market

What comes up: a 2-mark "Define" question asking what an exchange rate is, or what the foreign exchange market is.

Write (two marks): (1) An exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency. (2) It tells you how many units of a second currency you receive in exchange for one unit of the first. For the foreign exchange market: (1) a market where different countries' currencies are bought and sold; (2) where one currency is exchanged for another.

Watch out: a single-sentence answer that names only one of the two mark points (for example "how much a currency is worth" without specifying "in terms of another currency") typically earns only 1 mark.