Economic Growth & Recession
Government and the Macroeconomy
A recession is a period of falling , usually defined as two consecutive quarters (six months) of negative growth. It is the opposite of economic growth.
Causes of recession
Mirror the causes of growth. A recession can be caused by:
- A fall in total (aggregate) demand, when consumers and firms spend less (often because confidence has dropped, interest rates have risen, or a global downturn has cut export demand). Firms sell less, cut output and lay off workers.
- A fall in the quantity of resources, for example a shrinking workforce or the loss of capital and infrastructure through war or disaster.
- A fall in the quality of resources, for example if a lack of investment in training or technology leaves workers and machinery less productive.
Consequences of recession
A recession harms several groups at once:
- Consumers face higher unemployment, lower incomes and falling living standards; some are pushed into poverty.
- Workers lose jobs as firms cut back, and those still in work may see wages frozen or cut.
- Producers and firms sell less, earn lower profits, and some shut down; many cut investment because confidence is low.
- The government collects less tax revenue while spending more on unemployment benefits, which pushes the budget toward deficit and may force cuts elsewhere.
In a deep recession these effects feed on each other: lower demand causes job losses, the newly unemployed spend less, demand falls further, and more jobs are lost. This downward spiral is what makes a serious recession hard to escape without policy action.
Exam tip
Take each recession disadvantage two steps
To explain two disadvantages of a recession, you get a mark for naming each and a mark for explaining it. Credited pairs: lower output, so lower incomes, spending and living standards; higher unemployment, so more spent on benefits; lower investment, because confidence falls; firms closing as profits fall; lower tax revenue, so a budget deficit, more national debt or less to spend on education. Two disadvantages named without explanation earn half the marks. Drawing them from different groups the syllabus names (consumers, workers, firms, government) keeps the two points distinct.